How To Write Numbers In AP Style: A Comprehensive Guide

The Associated Press (AP) style guide is the gold standard for many journalists and writers. Understanding how to write numbers in AP style is crucial for clear, consistent, and professional writing. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the nuances, helping you master this essential aspect of AP style.

Numbers One Through Nine: The Basics

In AP style, you generally spell out numbers one through nine. This applies to standalone numbers and those used as adjectives. For example, you would write “three apples” or “He scored nine points.” This rule enhances readability, especially in sentences where numbers are prominent.

Numbers 10 and Above: When to Use Numerals

Numbers 10 and above are expressed as numerals. This rule is straightforward and consistent across most AP style applications. For instance, you’d write “12 oranges” or “The event drew 250 attendees.”

Using Numbers with Units of Measure

When numbers are paired with units of measure, use numerals regardless of their size. Examples include “5 miles,” “10 kilograms,” or “20 degrees Celsius.” This consistency simplifies understanding, especially in technical or scientific contexts.

Ordinal Numbers: First, Second, Third, etc.

Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) follow a slightly different rule. Spell out ordinal numbers from first through ninth. From tenth onwards, use numerals (10th, 11th, 12th, etc.). This maintains consistency while avoiding overly wordy phrasing.

Numbers Beginning Sentences: A Special Case

As a general rule, avoid starting a sentence with a numeral. However, exceptions exist. If using a numeral at the start of a sentence is unavoidable, spell out the number. This improves readability and adheres to established stylistic conventions.

Using Numbers in Compound Modifiers: A Key Consideration

When numbers are part of a compound modifier (a modifier consisting of two or more words), use numerals. For instance, write “10-year-old boy” rather than “ten-year-old boy.” This ensures clarity and avoids potential ambiguity.

Numbers in Addresses and Dates: Specific Guidelines

Addresses and dates have specific AP style rules. Use numerals for house numbers, street numbers, and dates (e.g., “123 Main Street,” “January 15, 2024”). Consistency in these areas is critical for clarity.

Percentages and Decimals: Consistent Use of Numerals

Always express percentages and decimals using numerals. For example, write “5% increase” or “3.14 pi.” This is a universally applied rule within AP style guidelines.

Large Numbers: Millions, Billions, and Beyond

For large numbers (millions, billions, and trillions), use numerals followed by the appropriate abbreviation (million, billion, trillion). For example, write “$2 billion” or “10 million people.” This aids readability when dealing with significant figures.

Round Numbers: A Matter of Judgment

Round numbers (like thousands, millions, etc.) are sometimes spelled out for better readability, especially in casual contexts. However, the use of numerals is usually preferred for precision and consistency, particularly in formal writing.

Frequently Asked Questions

What about fractions? Generally, spell out simple fractions (one-half, two-thirds), but use numerals for more complex fractions (1/8, 3/4).

How are large numbers expressed in formal financial reporting? In formal financial reporting, you’ll often see large numbers expressed with commas separating thousands (e.g., 1,000,000).

Is it ever okay to use a numeral at the beginning of a sentence? While generally discouraged, it’s acceptable if the number is cumbersome to spell out, but always strive for clarity and readability.

Should I use numerals for ages? Yes, use numerals for ages. For example, “a 25-year-old woman.”

What about time? Use numerals for time, except for noon and midnight (e.g., “1 p.m.,” “3:30 a.m.”).

Conclusion

Mastering the nuances of writing numbers in AP style requires attention to detail and a consistent approach. This guide has explored the core rules, covering numbers one through nine, numbers 10 and above, ordinal numbers, numbers in sentences, compound modifiers, addresses, dates, percentages, decimals, large numbers, and round numbers. By adhering to these guidelines, you can ensure your writing is clear, professional, and adheres to the widely accepted standards of the AP style guide. Remember to prioritize readability and consistent application for optimal results.