How To Write Numbers AP Style: A Comprehensive Guide

The Associated Press (AP) style guide is the gold standard for many journalists and writers. Understanding its rules, especially regarding numbers, is crucial for producing clear, consistent, and professional writing. This comprehensive guide will delve into the nuances of AP style for numbers, ensuring you’re equipped to handle any numerical challenge.

When to Spell Out Numbers in AP Style

One of the most fundamental aspects of AP style is knowing when to spell out numbers and when to use numerals. Generally, numbers zero through nine are spelled out, while numbers 10 and above are written as numerals. There are, however, several exceptions to this rule that we’ll explore in detail.

Exceptions to the Basic Rule: Specific AP Style Number Usage

This rule isn’t absolute. Consider these exceptions:

• Ages: Always use numerals for ages. “The 10-year-old boy…”
• Dimensions: Use numerals for dimensions, such as measurements and sizes. “The room is 12 feet by 15 feet.”
• Dates and Times: Use numerals for dates and times. “The meeting is scheduled for 2:00 PM on June 15th.”
• Percentages and Fractions: Always use numerals for percentages and fractions. “50% of the population,” “1/2 cup of sugar.”
• Addresses: Use numerals for street addresses. “1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.”
• Money: Use numerals for amounts of money. “$10,000”

Numbers at the Beginning of a Sentence: AP Style Guide

A common question arises: what happens when a number starts a sentence? In AP style, you should always spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence. However, if this creates an awkward sentence structure, it’s better to rewrite the sentence to avoid this issue.

Rewriting Sentences for Better Flow with Numbers

Consider this example: “15 people attended the meeting.” A better way to write this would be: “Fifteen people attended the meeting.” This improves readability and maintains AP style.

Using Numerals Consistently: Maintaining AP Style

Consistency is key when applying AP style to numbers. Once you’ve decided to use numerals for a particular set of numbers within a sentence or paragraph, stick with that choice. Switching between numerals and spelled-out numbers within the same context is confusing and unprofessional.

Avoiding Inconsistent Number Usage

For instance, don’t write “There were three apples, and 12 oranges.” Instead, use “There were three apples and 12 oranges,” or “There were 3 apples and 12 oranges.”

Handling Large Numbers: Millions, Billions, and Beyond

When dealing with large numbers (millions, billions, and trillions), use numerals and the word “million,” “billion,” or “trillion.” This is more concise and readable than writing out the full numerical value. For example, use “$3 million” instead of “$3,000,000.”

Clarity and Conciseness in Large Number Representation

Ordinal Numbers in AP Style

Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) follow a slightly different rule. Generally, spell out ordinal numbers from first through ninth. For 10th and above, use numerals. However, consider the overall context and flow of your writing.

Fractions and Decimals: AP Style Guidelines

Fractions should generally be spelled out unless they are part of a measurement or technical specification. Decimals should always be expressed as numerals. For instance, “one-half” but “0.5 inches.”

Ranges of Numbers: AP Style Best Practices

When expressing a range of numbers, maintain consistency. For instance, “pages 10-15” or “pages 10 through 15” are both acceptable. Avoid mixing styles like “pages 10-fifteen.”

Specific Cases: Numbers and Units of Measurement

Always use numerals when numbers are combined with units of measurement. For example, “5 kilometers,” “10 pounds,” “2 liters.”

Common Mistakes to Avoid When Writing Numbers in AP Style

Many writers make common mistakes when it comes to AP style and numbers. Pay close attention to consistency, the rules concerning numbers at the beginning of sentences, and the exceptions to the basic numeral vs. spelled-out number rules.

Conclusion

Mastering AP style for numbers requires attention to detail and a firm grasp of the core rules and exceptions. By consistently applying these guidelines, you can ensure your writing is clear, concise, and adheres to professional standards. Remember the importance of consistency, the specific rules for numbers at the beginning of sentences, and the exceptions for ages, dates, times, and measurements. With practice, navigating the world of AP style numbers will become second nature.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I handle numbers in headlines? Generally, follow the same rules as in body text, prioritizing clarity and conciseness.

What about Roman numerals? Use Roman numerals for things like outlines, wars, and monarchs (e.g., World War II, King Henry VIII).

Are there exceptions to the rule about spelling out numbers one through nine? Yes, as outlined above, there are many exceptions, such as ages, dates, times, and measurements.

Should I use commas in large numbers? Yes, use commas to separate thousands, millions, and billions.

Can I use abbreviations for numbers? Generally, avoid abbreviations for numbers unless they are widely understood within the context (e.g., using “k” for thousands in a financial report).